Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 675 proteins |
| Enzyme class help_outline |
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- Name help_outline (R)-carnitine Identifier CHEBI:16347 (Beilstein: 4292315,5732837; CAS: 541-15-1) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C7H15NO3 InChIKeyhelp_outline PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 48 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline crotonobetainyl-CoA Identifier CHEBI:60933 Charge -3 Formula C28H44N8O17P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline WAUPBDVHJXXZGW-HXPULJKESA-K SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)(COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)\C=C\C[N+](C)(C)C 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 4 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline (R)-carnitinyl-CoA Identifier CHEBI:60932 Charge -3 Formula C28H46N8O18P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline BBRISSLDTUHWKG-PVMHLSDZSA-K SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)(COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)C[C@@H](O)C[N+](C)(C)C 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 5 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline crotonobetaine Identifier CHEBI:17237 (Beilstein: 4377338; CAS: 927-89-9) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C7H13NO2 InChIKeyhelp_outline GUYHPGUANSLONG-SNAWJCMRSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C[N+](C)(C)C\C=C\C([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:28526 | RHEA:28527 | RHEA:28528 | RHEA:28529 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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| EC numbers help_outline |
Publications
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The fixA and fixB genes are necessary for anaerobic carnitine reduction in Escherichia coli.
Walt A., Kahn M.L.
In Escherichia coli, the use of carnitine as a terminal electron acceptor depends on a functional caiTABCDE operon. It had been suggested that the adjacent but divergent fixABCX operon is also required for carnitine metabolism, perhaps to provide electrons for carnitine reduction. We have construc ... >> More
In Escherichia coli, the use of carnitine as a terminal electron acceptor depends on a functional caiTABCDE operon. It had been suggested that the adjacent but divergent fixABCX operon is also required for carnitine metabolism, perhaps to provide electrons for carnitine reduction. We have constructed E. coli fixA and fixB mutants and find that they are unable to reduce carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine under anaerobic conditions. << Less
J. Bacteriol. 184:4044-4047(2002) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Involvement of coenzyme A esters and two new enzymes, an enoyl-CoA hydratase and a CoA-transferase, in the hydration of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.
Elssner T., Engemann C., Baumgart K., Kleber H.-P.
Two proteins (CaiB and CaiD) were found to catalyze the reversible biotransformation of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine in Escherichia coli in the presence of a cosubstrate (e.g., gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA or crotonobetainyl-CoA). CaiB (45 kDa) and CaiD (27 kDa) were purified in two steps to electrop ... >> More
Two proteins (CaiB and CaiD) were found to catalyze the reversible biotransformation of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine in Escherichia coli in the presence of a cosubstrate (e.g., gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA or crotonobetainyl-CoA). CaiB (45 kDa) and CaiD (27 kDa) were purified in two steps to electrophoretic homogeneity from overexpression strains. CaiB was identified as crotonobetainyl-CoA:carnitine CoA-transferase by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays. The enzyme exhibits high cosubstrate specificity to CoA derivatives of trimethylammonium compounds. In particular, the N-terminus of CaiB shows significant identity with other CoA-transferases (e.g., FldA from Clostridium sporogenes, Frc from Oxalobacter formigenes, and BbsE from Thauera aromatica) and CoA-hydrolases (e.g., BaiF from Eubacterium sp.). CaiD was shown to be a crotonobetainyl-CoA hydratase using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays. Besides crotonobetainyl-CoA CaiD is also able to hydrate crotonyl-CoA with a significantly lower Vmax (factor of 10(3)) but not crotonobetaine. The substrate specificity of CaiD and its homology to the crotonase confirm this enzyme as a new member of the crotonase superfamily. Concluding these results, it was verified that hydration of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine proceeds at the CoA level in two steps: the CaiD catalyzed hydration of crotonobetainyl-CoA to L-carnitinyl-CoA, followed by a CoA transfer from L-carnitinyl-CoA to crotonobetaine, catalyzed by CaiB. When gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA was used as a cosubstrate (CoA donor), the first reaction is the CoA transfer. The optimal ratios of CaiB and CaiD during this hydration reaction, determined to be 4:1 when crotonobetainyl-CoA was used as cosubstrate and 5:1 when gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA was used as cosubstrate, are different from that found for in vivo conditions (1:3). << Less
Biochemistry 40:11140-11148(2001) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 3 other entries.