Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 2,030 proteins |
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- Name help_outline UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine Identifier CHEBI:57705 (Beilstein: 4286654) help_outline Charge -2 Formula C17H25N3O17P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline LFTYTUAZOPRMMI-CFRASDGPSA-L SMILEShelp_outline CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)n1ccc(=O)[nH]c1=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 88 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine Identifier CHEBI:67138 Charge -2 Formula C17H25N3O17P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline LFTYTUAZOPRMMI-NESSUJCYSA-L SMILEShelp_outline CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)n1ccc(=O)[nH]c1=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 42 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:20517 | RHEA:20518 | RHEA:20519 | RHEA:20520 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase activities toward UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc play different roles in the development of Drosophila melanogaster.
Daenzer J.M., Sanders R.D., Hang D., Fridovich-Keil J.L.
In both humans and Drosophila melanogaster, UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes two distinct reactions, interconverting UDP-galactose (UDP-gal) and UDP-glucose (UDP-glc) in the final step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, and also interconverting UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP ... >> More
In both humans and Drosophila melanogaster, UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes two distinct reactions, interconverting UDP-galactose (UDP-gal) and UDP-glucose (UDP-glc) in the final step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, and also interconverting UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-galNAc) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-glcNAc). All four of these UDP-sugars serve as vital substrates for glycosylation in metazoans. Partial loss of GALE in humans results in the spectrum disorder epimerase deficiency galactosemia; partial loss of GALE in Drosophila melanogaster also results in galactose-sensitivity, and complete loss in Drosophila is embryonic lethal. However, whether these outcomes in both humans and flies result from loss of one GALE activity, the other, or both has remained unknown. To address this question, we uncoupled the two activities in a Drosophila model, effectively replacing the endogenous dGALE with prokaryotic transgenes, one of which (Escherichia coli GALE) efficiently interconverts only UDP-gal/UDP-glc, and the other of which (Plesiomonas shigelloides wbgU) efficiently interconverts only UDP-galNAc/UDP-glcNAc. Our results demonstrate that both UDP-gal and UDP-galNAc activities of dGALE are required for Drosophila survival, although distinct roles for each activity can be seen in specific windows of developmental time or in response to a galactose challenge. By extension, these data also suggest that both activities might play distinct and essential roles in humans. << Less
PLoS Genet. 8:E1002721-E1002721(2012) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Insights into role of the hydrogen bond networks in substrate recognition by UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerases.
Bhatt V.S., Guan W., Xue M., Yuan H., Wang P.G.
UDP-hexose 4-epimerases are critical in galactose metabolism and often important in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis as well. Three groups of these enzymes have been reported based on their substrate specificity towards non-acetylated substrates (group 1), dual specificity towards N-acetylated and ... >> More
UDP-hexose 4-epimerases are critical in galactose metabolism and often important in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis as well. Three groups of these enzymes have been reported based on their substrate specificity towards non-acetylated substrates (group 1), dual specificity towards N-acetylated and non-acetylated substrates (group 2) and specificity towards N-acetylated substrates (group 3). We recently reported the structure of a novel UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerase called WbgU and based on the structure proposed a model of specific substrate recognition by UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerases. In this work, we present an analysis of the proposed model of substrate recognition using site-directed mutagenesis of WbgU and crystal structure of the His305Ala mutant. This investigation reveals that the wild-type activity of WbgU is retained in most single-point mutants targeting the active site. However, a graded loss in activity is observed in double-and triple-point mutants with the quadruple-point mutant being completely inactive corroborating the proposed rationale of substrate recognition. Furthermore, crystal structure of the His305Ala mutant shows that the structure is significantly similar to the wild-type WbgU, albeit a loss in the critical hydrogen bond network seated at His305 and ensuing minor conformational changes. It is inferred that the specific and non-specific interactions throughout the active site confer it sufficient elasticity to sustain wild-type activity for several of the single-point mutations. << Less
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 412:232-237(2011) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
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New UDP-GlcNAc C4 epimerase involved in the biosynthesis of 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-L-altruronic acid in the O-antigen repeating units of Plesiomonas shigelloides O17.
Kowal P., Wang P.G.
Plesiomonas shigelloides is a ubiquitous waterborne pathogen responsible for diseases such as diarrhea and bacillary dysentery, commonly afflicting infants and children. This bacterium is endowed with an O-antigen gene cluster consisting of 10 consecutive reading frames. One of these, designated w ... >> More
Plesiomonas shigelloides is a ubiquitous waterborne pathogen responsible for diseases such as diarrhea and bacillary dysentery, commonly afflicting infants and children. This bacterium is endowed with an O-antigen gene cluster consisting of 10 consecutive reading frames. One of these, designated wbgU (orf3), has been overexpressed and biochemically characterized to show that it encodes a uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) C4 epimerase, only the second microbial enzyme characterized to have this activity. Epimerization is an equilibrium reaction resulting in a 70:30 ratio of UDP-GlcNAc to uridine diphosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc), irrespective of the initial substrate. The K(m) values for UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc are 131 microM and 137 microM, respectively. WbgU is also capable of converting nonacetylated derivatives but with much lower efficiency. It contains a tightly bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD(H)] molecule and requires no other cofactors for activity. We propose here that this enzyme catalyzes the first of the three transformations in the biosynthetic pathway of 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-L-altruronic acid, an unusual sugar present in the O-specific side chains of lipopolysaccharide of P. shigelloides O17 and its close relative Escherichia coli Sonnei. << Less