Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 15,619 proteins |
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- Name help_outline NADP+ Identifier CHEBI:58349 Charge -3 Formula C21H25N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-K SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)c1ccc[n+](c1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,285 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione Identifier CHEBI:58758 Charge -1 Formula C11H18N3O7S InChIKeyhelp_outline PIUSLWSYOYFRFR-BQBZGAKWSA-M SMILEShelp_outline [NH3+][C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CSCO)C(=O)NCC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 3 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,431 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NADPH Identifier CHEBI:57783 (Beilstein: 10411862) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C21H26N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NNYOXOHSSA-J SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,279 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline S-formylglutathione Identifier CHEBI:57688 Charge -1 Formula C11H16N3O7S InChIKeyhelp_outline FHXAGOICBFGEBF-BQBZGAKWSA-M SMILEShelp_outline [NH3+][C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CSC=O)C(=O)NCC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 3 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:19981 | RHEA:19982 | RHEA:19983 | RHEA:19984 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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Isolation, sequencing, and mutagenesis of the gene encoding NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GD-FALDH) from Paracoccus denitrificans, in which GD-FALDH is essential for methylotrophic growth.
Ras J., van Ophem P.W., Reijnders W.N.M., van Spanning R.J.M., Duine J.A., Stouthamer A.H., Harms N.
NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GD-FALDH) of Paracoccus denitrificans has been purified as a tetramer with a relative molecular mass of 150 kDa. The gene encoding GD-FALDH (flhA) has been isolated, sequenced, and mutated by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene. The m ... >> More
NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GD-FALDH) of Paracoccus denitrificans has been purified as a tetramer with a relative molecular mass of 150 kDa. The gene encoding GD-FALDH (flhA) has been isolated, sequenced, and mutated by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene. The mutant strain is not able to grow on methanol, methylamine, or choline, while heterotrophic growth is not influenced by the mutation. This finding indicates that GD-FALDH of P. denitrificans is essential for the oxidation of formaldehyde produced during methylotrophic growth. << Less
J. Bacteriol. 177:247-251(1995) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Characterization of a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
Barber R.D., Rott M.A., Donohue T.J.
Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenases (GSH-FDH) represent a ubiquitous class of enzymes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. During the course of studying energy-generating pathways in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a gene (adhI) encoding a GSH-FDH homolog ... >> More
Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenases (GSH-FDH) represent a ubiquitous class of enzymes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. During the course of studying energy-generating pathways in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a gene (adhI) encoding a GSH-FDH homolog has been identified as part of an operon (adhI-cycI) that also encodes an isoform of the cytochrome c2 family of electron transport proteins (isocytochrome c2). Enzyme assays with crude Escherichia coli extracts expressing AdhI show that this protein has the characteristic substrate preference of a GSH-FDH. Ferguson plot analysis with zymograms suggests that the functional form of AdhI is a homodimer of approximately40-kDa subunits, analogous to other GSH-FDH enzymes. These properties of AdhI were used to show that mutations which increase or decrease adhI expression change the specific activity of GSH-FDH in R. sphaeroides extracts. In addition, expression of the presumed adhI-cycI operon appears to be transcriptionally regulated, since the abundance of the major adhI-specific primer extension product is increased by the trans-acting spd-7 mutation, which increases the level of both isocytochrome c2 and AdhI activity. While transcriptional linkage of adhI and cycI could suggest a function in a common metabolic pathway, isocytochrome c2 (periplasm) and AdhI (cytoplasm) are localized in separate compartments of R. sphaeroides. Potential roles for AdhI in carbon and energy generation and the possible relationship of GSH-FDH activity to isocytochrome c2 will be discussed based on the commonly accepted physiological functions of GSH-FDH enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. << Less
J. Bacteriol. 178:1386-1393(1996) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Kinetic mechanism of human glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.
Sanghani P.C., Stone C.L., Ray B.D., Pindel E.V., Hurley T.D., Bosron W.F.
Formaldehyde, a major industrial chemical, is classified as a carcinogen because of its high reactivity with DNA. It is inactivated by oxidative metabolism to formate in humans by glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. This NAD(+)-dependent enzyme belongs to the family of zinc-dependent ... >> More
Formaldehyde, a major industrial chemical, is classified as a carcinogen because of its high reactivity with DNA. It is inactivated by oxidative metabolism to formate in humans by glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. This NAD(+)-dependent enzyme belongs to the family of zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases with 40 kDa subunits and is also called ADH3 or chi-ADH. The first step in the reaction involves the nonenzymatic formation of the S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione adduct from formaldehyde and glutathione. When formaldehyde concentrations exceed that of glutathione, nonoxidizable adducts can be formed in vitro. The S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione adduct will be predominant in vivo, since circulating glutathione concentrations are reported to be 50 times that of formaldehyde in humans. Initial velocity, product inhibition, dead-end inhibition, and equilibrium binding studies indicate that the catalytic mechanism for oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-HDDA) with NAD(+) is random bi-bi. Formation of an E.NADH.12-HDDA abortive complex was evident from equilibrium binding studies, but no substrate inhibition was seen with 12-HDDA. 12-Oxododecanoic acid (12-ODDA) exhibited substrate inhibition, which is consistent with a preferred pathway for substrate addition in the reductive reaction and formation of an abortive E.NAD(+).12-ODDA complex. The random mechanism is consistent with the published three-dimensional structure of the formaldehyde dehydrogenase.NAD(+) complex, which exhibits a unique semi-open coenzyme-catalytic domain conformation where substrates can bind or dissociate in any order. << Less
Biochemistry 39:10720-10729(2000) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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A metabolic enzyme for S-nitrosothiol conserved from bacteria to humans.
Liu L., Hausladen A., Zeng M., Que L., Heitman J., Stamler J.S.
Considerable evidence indicates that NO biology involves a family of NO-related molecules and that S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are central to signal transduction and host defence. It is unknown, however, how cells switch off the signals or protect themselves from the SNOs produced for defence purposes. ... >> More
Considerable evidence indicates that NO biology involves a family of NO-related molecules and that S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are central to signal transduction and host defence. It is unknown, however, how cells switch off the signals or protect themselves from the SNOs produced for defence purposes. Here we have purified a single activity from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mouse macrophages that metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and show that it is the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Although the enzyme is highly specific for GSNO, it controls intracellular levels of both GSNO and S-nitrosylated proteins. Such 'GSNO reductase' activity is widely distributed in mammals. Deleting the reductase gene in yeast and mice abolishes the GSNO-consuming activity, and increases the cellular quantity of both GSNO and protein SNO. Furthermore, mutant yeast cells show increased susceptibility to a nitrosative challenge, whereas their resistance to oxidative stress is unimpaired. We conclude that GSNO reductase is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans, is critical for SNO homeostasis, and protects against nitrosative stress. << Less
Nature 410:490-494(2001) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 2 other entries.