Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 5 proteins |
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- Name help_outline codeine Identifier CHEBI:57871 Charge 1 Formula C18H22NO3 InChIKeyhelp_outline OROGSEYTTFOCAN-DNJOTXNNSA-O SMILEShelp_outline [H][C@]12C=C[C@H](O)[C@@H]3Oc4c(OC)ccc5C[C@H]1[NH+](C)CC[C@@]23c45 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NADP+ Identifier CHEBI:58349 Charge -3 Formula C21H25N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-K SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)c1ccc[n+](c1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,285 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline codeinone Identifier CHEBI:58473 Charge 1 Formula C18H20NO3 InChIKeyhelp_outline XYYVYLMBEZUESM-CMKMFDCUSA-O SMILEShelp_outline [H][C@]12C=CC(=O)[C@@H]3Oc4c(OC)ccc5C[C@H]1[NH+](C)CC[C@@]23c45 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,431 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NADPH Identifier CHEBI:57783 (Beilstein: 10411862) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C21H26N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NNYOXOHSSA-J SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,279 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:19209 | RHEA:19210 | RHEA:19211 | RHEA:19212 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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Molecular cloning and functional expression of codeinone reductase: the penultimate enzyme in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.
Unterlinner B., Lenz R., Kutchan T.M.
The narcotic analgesic morphine is the major alkaloid of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Its biosynthetic precursor codeine is currently the most widely used and effective antitussive agent. Along the morphine biosynthetic pathway in opium poppy, codeinone reductase catalyzes the NADPH-depende ... >> More
The narcotic analgesic morphine is the major alkaloid of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Its biosynthetic precursor codeine is currently the most widely used and effective antitussive agent. Along the morphine biosynthetic pathway in opium poppy, codeinone reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of codeinone to codeine. In this study, we have isolated and characterized four cDNAs encoding codeinone reductase isoforms and have functionally expressed them in Escherichia coli. Heterologously expressed codeinone reductase-calmodulin-binding peptide fusion protein was purified from E. coli using calmodulin affinity column chromatography in a yield of 10 mg enzyme l-1. These four isoforms demonstrated very similar physical properties and substrate specificity. As least six alleles appear to be present in the poppy genome. A comparison of the translations of the nucleotide sequences indicate that the codeinone reductase isoforms are 53% identical to 6'-deoxychalcone synthase from soybean suggesting an evolutionary although not a functional link between enzymes of phenylpropanoid and alkaloid biosynthesis. By sequence comparison, both codeinone reductase and 6'-deoxy-chalcone synthase belong to the aldo/keto reductase family, a group of structurally and functionally related NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases, and thereby possibly arise from primary metabolism. << Less
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Purification and properties of codeinone reductase (NADPH) from Papaver somniferum cell cultures and differentiated plants.
Lenz R., Zenk M.H.
Codeinone reductase (NADPH), which catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of (-)codeinone to (-)codeine, was detected and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a cytosolic fraction of Papaver somniferum L. cell cultures. The purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-80%), aff ... >> More
Codeinone reductase (NADPH), which catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of (-)codeinone to (-)codeine, was detected and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a cytosolic fraction of Papaver somniferum L. cell cultures. The purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-80%), affinity chromatography (matrex red A), gel filtration (fractogel TSK HW 55S), affinity chromatography (fractogel TSK AF Blue), ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel) and native PAGE. The purified codeinone reductase was found to be a monomeric protein of 35 +/-1 kDa that is highly substrate-specific, reducing only the C6 oxo group of codeinone and morphinone as well as a few analogues. The physiological forward reaction has a pH optimum at 7.0, the reverse reaction at 9.1. The temperature optimum is at 40 degrees C and the isoelectric point (p1) at 4.4. The apparent Km values (forward reaction) for codeinone and NADPH are 23 microM and 168 microM, respectively. Using capsule tissue of differentiated P. somniferum plants as an enzyme source, two codeinone reductase (NADPH) isoenzymes were detected and purified to homogeneity. These isoenzymes could not be separated for characterization and showed slightly different kinetic features (Km values: codeinone 9 microM; NADPH 81 microM) compared with the cell culture enzyme. << Less
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Codeinone reductase isoforms with differential stability, efficiency and product selectivity in opium poppy.
Dastmalchi M., Chang L., Torres M.A., Ng K.K.S., Facchini P.J.
Codeinone reductase (COR) catalyzes the reversible NADPH-dependent reduction of codeinone to codeine as the penultimate step of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It also irreversibly reduces neopinone, which forms by spontaneous isomerization in aqueous solution from codei ... >> More
Codeinone reductase (COR) catalyzes the reversible NADPH-dependent reduction of codeinone to codeine as the penultimate step of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It also irreversibly reduces neopinone, which forms by spontaneous isomerization in aqueous solution from codeinone, to neopine. In a parallel pathway involving 3-O-demethylated analogs, COR converts morphinone to morphine, and neomorphinone to neomorphine. Similar to neopine, the formation of neomorphine by COR is irreversible. Neopine is a minor substrate for codeine O-demethylase (CODM), yielding morphine. In the plant, neopine levels are low and neomorphine has not been detected. Silencing of CODM leads to accumulation of upstream metabolites, such as codeine and thebaine, but does not result in a shift towards higher relative concentrations of neopine, suggesting a mechanism in the plant for limiting neopine production. In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) engineered to produce opiate alkaloids, the catalytic properties of COR lead to accumulation of neopine and neomorphine as major products. An isoform (COR-B) was isolated from opium poppy chemotype Bea's Choice that showed higher catalytic activity than previously characterized CORs, and it yielded mostly neopine in vitro and in engineered yeast. Five catalytically distinct COR isoforms (COR1.1-1.4 and COR-B) were used to determine sequence-function relationships that influence product selectivity. Biochemical characterization and site-directed mutagenesis of native COR isoforms identified four residues (V25, K41, F129 and W279) that affected protein stability, reaction velocity, and product selectivity and output. Improvement of COR performance coupled with an ability to guide pathway flux is necessary to facilitate commercial production of opiate alkaloids in engineered microorganisms. << Less
Plant J. 95:631-647(2018) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 3 other entries.