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- Name help_outline a ganglioside GM2 (d18:1(4E)) Identifier CHEBI:71502 Charge -1 Formula C50H85N3O26R SMILEShelp_outline CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3NC(C)=O)[C@H](O[C@@]3(C[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(C)=O)[C@@H](O3)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C([O-])=O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)NC([*])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline UDP-α-D-galactose Identifier CHEBI:66914 Charge -2 Formula C15H22N2O17P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline HSCJRCZFDFQWRP-ABVWGUQPSA-L SMILEShelp_outline OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)n2ccc(=O)[nH]c2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 109 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline a ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E)) Identifier CHEBI:77709 Charge -1 Formula C56H95N3O31R SMILEShelp_outline C([C@@H]([C@@H](/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC)O)NC(*)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)O)NC(C)=O)O[C@@]5(C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@](O5)([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)[H])NC(C)=O)O)C([O-])=O)O)O)O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 8 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline UDP Identifier CHEBI:58223 Charge -3 Formula C9H11N2O12P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline XCCTYIAWTASOJW-XVFCMESISA-K SMILEShelp_outline O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)n1ccc(=O)[nH]c1=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 611 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,717 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:16773 | RHEA:16774 | RHEA:16775 | RHEA:16776 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Related reactions help_outline
More general form(s) of this reaction
Publications
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A family of human beta3-galactosyltransferases. Characterization of four members of a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine/beta-N-acetyl-galactosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase family.
Amado M., Almeida R., Carneiro F., Levery S.B., Holmes E.H., Nomoto M., Hollingsworth M.A., Hassan H., Schwientek T., Nielsen P.A., Bennett E.P., Clausen H.
BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) using the coding sequence of a human UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, designated beta3Gal-T1, revealed no ESTs with identical sequences but a large number with similarity. Three different sets of overlapping E ... >> More
BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) using the coding sequence of a human UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, designated beta3Gal-T1, revealed no ESTs with identical sequences but a large number with similarity. Three different sets of overlapping ESTs with sequence similarities to beta3Gal-T1 were compiled, and complete coding regions of these genes were obtained. Expression of two of these genes in the Baculo virus system showed that one represented a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (beta3Gal-T2) with similar kinetic properties as beta3Gal-T1. Another gene represented a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-galactosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (beta3Gal-T4) involved in GM1/GD1 ganglioside synthesis, and this gene was highly similar to a recently reported rat GD1 synthase (Miyazaki, H., Fukumoto, S., Okada, M., Hasegawa, T., and Furukawa, K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24794-24799). Northern analysis of mRNA from human organs with the four homologous cDNA revealed different expression patterns. beta3Gal-T1 mRNA was expressed in brain, beta3Gal-T2 was expressed in brain and heart, and beta3Gal-T3 and -T4 were more widely expressed. The coding regions for each of the four genes were contained in single exons. beta3Gal-T2, -T3, and -T4 were localized to 1q31, 3q25, and 6p21.3, respectively, by EST mapping. The results demonstrate the existence of a family of homologous beta3-galactosyltransferase genes. << Less
J. Biol. Chem. 273:12770-12778(1998) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 6 other entries.
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Expression cloning of rat cDNA encoding UDP-galactose:GD2 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase that determines the expression of GD1b/GM1/GA1.
Miyazaki H., Fukumoto S., Okada M., Hasegawa T., Furukawa K., Furukawa K.
Using an anti-GD1b monoclonal antibody, expression cloning of a cDNA for the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase gene (EC 2.4.1.62) was performed. KF4C, mouse melanoma B16 transfected with polyoma T antigen gene, and GM2/GD2 synthase cDNA was used as a recipient cell line for the cDNA library transfecti ... >> More
Using an anti-GD1b monoclonal antibody, expression cloning of a cDNA for the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase gene (EC 2.4.1.62) was performed. KF4C, mouse melanoma B16 transfected with polyoma T antigen gene, and GM2/GD2 synthase cDNA was used as a recipient cell line for the cDNA library transfection. A cDNA clone of GD3 synthase, pD3T-31 was co-transfected with a cDNA library prepared from rat brain RNA using the pcDNAI expression vector. The isolated cDNA clone pM1T-9 predicted a type II membrane protein with 4 amino acids of cytoplasmic domain, 21 amino acids of transmembrane region, and a large catalytic domain with 346 amino acids. Introduction of the cDNA clone into a mouse melanoma line B16 previously transfected with a GM2/GD2 synthase gene resulted in the neo-synthesis of GM1. Co-transfection of the cell line with pM1T-9 and a GD3 synthase cDNA resulted in the expression of GD1b as well as GM1. Moreover, introduction of pM1T-9 into L cell (lacking GM3 synthase), previously transfected with GM2/GD2 synthase gene, resulted in the definite expression of asialo-GM1. These results indicated that GD1b/GM1/GA1 synthases were identical, as previously suggested based on enzymological analysis. In Northern blots of the beta1, 3-galactosyltransferase gene with total RNA from various rat tissues, a 1.6-kilobase mRNA was strongly expressed in spleen, thymus, kidney, and testis. However, the expression level of the gene in the adult brain tissue was not especially high. On the other hand, this gene was expressed at high levels in the rat brain of embryonal day 12, and reached a peak at around birth, then fell to low level in the adult brain. << Less
J. Biol. Chem. 272:24794-24799(1997) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 3 other entries.
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The enzymic synthesis of ganglioside. II. UDP-galactose: N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide galactosyltransferase in rat brain.
Yip G.B., Dain J.A.
Biochim Biophys Acta 206:252-260(1970) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Mouse beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GA1/GM1/GD1b synthase): protein characterization, tissue expression, and developmental regulation in neural retina.
Daniotti J.L., Martina J.A., Zurita A.R., Maccioni H.J.F.
The composition of cell surface gangliosides is largely dependent on the relative activities of Golgi resident glycosyltransferases. In the brain of birds and mammals, complex gangliosides (GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) abound at late stages of development and in the adult, due to the relatively hig ... >> More
The composition of cell surface gangliosides is largely dependent on the relative activities of Golgi resident glycosyltransferases. In the brain of birds and mammals, complex gangliosides (GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) abound at late stages of development and in the adult, due to the relatively high activities of the UDP-GalNAc:LacCer/GM3/GD3 beta 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) and the UDP-Gal: GA2/GM2/GD2 beta 1, 3-galactosyltransferase (Gal-T2) relative to that of CMP-NeuAc:GM3 alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase (Sial-T2). Unlike brain, the mature mammalian neural retina abundantly expresses the simple ganglioside GD3, in relation to complex gangliosides, due to the low activity of GalNAc-T and Gal-T2 relative to Sial-T2. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a mouse Gal-T2 cDNA that drives the synthesis of an epitope-tagged protein of molecular mass 43 kDa, which was enzymatically active and localized to the Golgi complex in transfected cell lines. Using this cDNA as a probe, it was found that Gal-T2 is coded by a single gene located in chromosome 17, and that the coding sequence is contained in a single exon. The expression of the specific Gal-T2 mRNA (approximately 1.8 kb) was highest in testis, which also showed elevated Gal-T2 activity. In the postnatal neural retina, Gal-T2 mRNA increased after day 3, maintained high levels of expression by days 4-7, and then decreased to initial values by day 10. The developmental pattern of mRNA expression was temporally coincident with that of Gal-T2 activity expression, indicating that this enzyme is under transcriptional control in the neural retina. << Less
J. Neurosci. Res. 58:318-327(1999) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.
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Frog brain uridine diphosphate galactose-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide galactosyltransferase.
Yip M.C., Dain J.A.
1. The enzyme that catalyses the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(1-->4)-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2-->3)-galactosyl-(1-->4)-glucosylceramide (G(M2)) was found mainly in the heavy- and light-microsomal fractions of the adult frog brain. 2. The subcellular distribution ... >> More
1. The enzyme that catalyses the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(1-->4)-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2-->3)-galactosyl-(1-->4)-glucosylceramide (G(M2)) was found mainly in the heavy- and light-microsomal fractions of the adult frog brain. 2. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme, UDP-galactose-G(M2) galactosyltransferase, parallels that of gangliosides in adult frog brain. 3. The enzymic activity was first detected at late gastrulation (Shumway stage 11(1/2)) and increased until the completion of the operculum (Shumway stage 25) and then decreased in the tadpoles. 4. In adult frog brain, the enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of 7.2-7.3 in both cacodylate and tris buffers. The enzyme required 10mm-Mn(2+) for maximal activity and the K(m) for Mn(2+) was determined as 2.2mm. The half-maximal velocity was obtained at a G(M2) concentration of 0.18mm. Inhibition of the enzymic reaction was found when the G(M2) concentration was greater than 1.38mm. 5. The enzymic activity was also inhibited by the products in the pathway of ganglioside synthesis, i.e. either by a mixture of gangliosides or by individual ganglioside components. The most active inhibitor was disialoganglioside. The degree of inhibition is a function of the individual ganglioside concentration. 6. A product-inhibition mechanism for the regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis is discussed. << Less
Biochem J 118:247-252(1970) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.