Publications

• Characterization of 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidases from Borrelia burgdorferi: Antibiotic targets for Lyme disease.

  Cornell K.A., Knippel R.J., Cortright G.R., Fonken M., Guerrero C., Hall A.R., Mitchell K.A., Thurston J.H., Erstad P., Tao A., Xu D., Parveen N.

  <h4>Background</h4>Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the occurrence of Lyme disease in the U.S. has now reached approximately 300,000 cases annually. Early stage Borrelia b ... >> More

  <h4>Background</h4>Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the occurrence of Lyme disease in the U.S. has now reached approximately 300,000 cases annually. Early stage Borrelia burgdorferi infections are generally treatable with oral antibiotics, but late stage disease is more difficult to treat and more likely to lead to post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.<h4>Methods</h4>Here we examine three unique 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine (MTA/SAH) nucleosidases (MTNs or MTANs, EC 3.2.2.9) responsible for salvage of adenine and methionine in B. burgdorferi and explore their potential as antibiotic targets to treat Lyme disease. Recombinant Borrelia MTNs were expressed and purified from E. coli. The enzymes were extensively characterized for activity, specificity, and inhibition using a UV spectrophotometric assay. In vitro antibiotic activities of MTN inhibitors were assessed using a bioluminescent BacTiter-Glo™ assay.<h4>Results</h4>The three Borrelia MTNs showed unique activities against the native substrates MTA, SAH, and 5'-deoxyadenosine. Analysis of substrate analogs revealed that specific activity rapidly dropped as the length of the 5'-alkylthio substitution increased. Non-hydrolysable nucleoside transition state analogs demonstrated sub-nanomolar enzyme inhibition constants. Lastly, two late stage transition state analogs exerted in vitro IC₅₀ values of 0.3-0.4 μg/mL against cultured B. burgdorferi cells.<h4>Conclusion</h4>B. burgdorferi is unusual in that it expresses three distinct MTNs (cytoplasmic, membrane bound, and secreted) that are effectively inactivated by nucleoside analogs.<h4>General significance</h4>The Borrelia MTNs appear to be promising targets for developing new antibiotics to treat Lyme disease. << Less

  Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1864:129455-129455(2020) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• Molecular determinants of substrate specificity in plant 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidases.

  Siu K.K., Lee J.E., Sufrin J.R., Moffatt B.A., McMillan M., Cornell K.A., Isom C., Howell P.L.

  5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA)/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) nucleosidase (MTAN) is essential for cellular metabolism and development in many bacterial species. While the enzyme is found in plants, plant MTANs appear to select for MTA preferentially, with little or no affinity for SAH. To understand ... >> More

  5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA)/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) nucleosidase (MTAN) is essential for cellular metabolism and development in many bacterial species. While the enzyme is found in plants, plant MTANs appear to select for MTA preferentially, with little or no affinity for SAH. To understand what determines substrate specificity in this enzyme, MTAN homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMTAN1 and AtMTAN2, which are referred to as AtMTN1 and AtMTN2 in the plant literature) have been characterized kinetically. While both homologues hydrolyze MTA with comparable kinetic parameters, only AtMTAN2 shows activity towards SAH. AtMTAN2 also has higher catalytic activity towards other substrate analogues with longer 5'-substituents. The structures of apo AtMTAN1 and its complexes with the substrate- and transition-state-analogues, 5'-methylthiotubercidin and formycin A, respectively, have been determined at 2.0-1.8 A resolution. A homology model of AtMTAN2 was generated using the AtMTAN1 structures. Comparison of the AtMTAN1 and AtMTAN2 structures reveals that only three residues in the active site differ between the two enzymes. Our analysis suggests that two of these residues, Leu181/Met168 and Phe148/Leu135 in AtMTAN1/AtMTAN2, likely account for the divergence in specificity of the enzymes. Comparison of the AtMTAN1 and available Escherichia coli MTAN (EcMTAN) structures suggests that a combination of differences in the 5'-alkylthio binding region and reduced conformational flexibility in the AtMTAN1 active site likely contribute to its reduced efficiency in binding substrate analogues with longer 5'-substituents. In addition, in contrast to EcMTAN, the active site of AtMTAN1 remains solvated in its ligand-bound forms. As the apparent pK(a) of an amino acid depends on its local environment, the putative catalytic acid Asp225 in AtMTAN1 may not be protonated at physiological pH and this suggests the transition state of AtMTAN1, like human MTA phosphorylase and Streptococcus pneumoniae MTAN, may be different from that found in EcMTAN. << Less

  J. Mol. Biol. 378:112-128(2008) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• Escherichia coli S-adenosylhomocysteine/5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase. Purification, substrate specificity and mechanism of action.

  Della Ragione F., Porcelli M., Carteni-Farina M., Zappia V., Pegg A.E.

  S-Adenosylhomocysteine/5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.9) was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli to a final specific activity of 373 mumol of 5'-methylthioadenosine cleaved/min per mg of protein. Affinity chromatography on S-formycinylhomocysteine-Sepharose is the key step ... >> More

  S-Adenosylhomocysteine/5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.9) was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli to a final specific activity of 373 mumol of 5'-methylthioadenosine cleaved/min per mg of protein. Affinity chromatography on S-formycinylhomocysteine-Sepharose is the key step of the purification procedure. The enzyme, responsible for the cleavage of the glycosidic bond of both S-adenosylhomocysteine and 5'-methylthioadenosine, was partially characterized. The apparent Km for 5'-methylthioadenosine is 0.4 microM, and that for S-adenosylhomocysteine is 4.3 microM. The maximal rate of cleavage of S-adenosylhomocysteine is approx. 40% of that of 5'-methylthioadenosine. Some 25 analogues of the two naturally occurring thioethers were studied as potential substrates or inhibitors of the enzyme. Except for the analogues modified in the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or the 2-position of the purine ring, none of the compounds tested was effective as a substrate. Moreover, 5'-methylthioformycin, 5'-chloroformycin, S-formycinylhomocysteine, 5'-methylthiotubercidin and S-tubercidinylhomocysteine were powerful inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The results obtained allow the hypothesis of a mechanism of enzymic catalysis requiring as a key step the protonation of N-7 of the purine ring. << Less

  Biochem. J. 232:335-341(1985) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• 5'-Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase. Purification and characterization of the enzyme from Lupinus luteus seeds.

  Guranowski A.B., Chiang P.K., Cantoni G.L.

  5'-Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.9), the enzyme which catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of 5'-methylthioadenosine with the formation of adenine and 5'-methylthioribose, has been purified to homogeneity from Lupinus luteus seeds. The nucleosidase has a native molecular weight of 62 000 and ... >> More

  5'-Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.9), the enzyme which catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of 5'-methylthioadenosine with the formation of adenine and 5'-methylthioribose, has been purified to homogeneity from Lupinus luteus seeds. The nucleosidase has a native molecular weight of 62 000 and consists of two identical subunits, as judged by gel filtration and dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nucleosidase exhibits highest specificity towards the natural substrate with a Km of 4.1 X 10(-7) M for 5'-methylthioadenosine. It does not cleave adenine from S-adenosylhomocysteine. Among the synthetic analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine tested, eleven compounds appear to be able to substitute as substrates. Furthermore, the enzyme can liberate hypoxanthinine from six inosyl (deaminated) derivatives obtained by enzymatic deamination of 5'-methylthioadenosine and its synthetic analogs. The Km for 5'-methylthioinosine is 55 microM, and the maximal velocity about 50-times lower than for 5'-methylthioadenosine. The reaction catalyzed by the nucleosidase can be inhibited by adenine (Ki = 11 microM), 3-deazaadenine (Ki = 19 microM), and 9-erythro(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl)adenine (ki = 37 microM). << Less

  Eur J Biochem 114:293-299(1981) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

• Biochemical and structural characterization of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidases from Arabidopsis thaliana.

  Park E.Y., Choi W.S., Oh S.I., Kim K.N., Shin J.S., Song H.K.

  5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) are important metabolites in all living organisms. Two similar nucleosidases for hydrolyzing MTA in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMTAN1 and AtMTAN2) exist, but only AtMTAN2 shows markedly broad substrate specificity for hydrolysis of SAH. To ... >> More

  5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) are important metabolites in all living organisms. Two similar nucleosidases for hydrolyzing MTA in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMTAN1 and AtMTAN2) exist, but only AtMTAN2 shows markedly broad substrate specificity for hydrolysis of SAH. To examine the biochemical characteristics of AtMTAN2, it was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Spectroscopic assays confirm AtMTAN2 catalyzes MTA as well as SAH hydrolysis, compared to AtMTAN1 which only hydrolyzes MTA. In addition, crystal structure of the AtMTAN2 enzyme in complex with, adenine was determined at 2.9A resolution. Finally, a structural comparison of AtMTAN2 performed with previously determined structures of AtMTAN1 and an E. coli homolog provides clues for the substrate specificity of MTA nucleosidases in A. thaliana. << Less

  Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 381:619-624(2009) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• Structural and Functional Analyses of Periplasmic 5'-Methylthioadenosine/S-Adenosylhomocysteine Nucleosidase from Aeromonas hydrophila.

  Xu Y., Wang L., Chen J., Zhao J., Fan S., Dong Y., Ha N.C., Quan C.

  The Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila has two multifunctional 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) enzymes, MtaN-1 and MtaN-2, that differ from those in other bacteria. These proteins are essential for several metabolic pathways, including biolog ... >> More

  The Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila has two multifunctional 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) enzymes, MtaN-1 and MtaN-2, that differ from those in other bacteria. These proteins are essential for several metabolic pathways, including biological methylation, polyamine biosynthesis, methionine recycling, and bacterial quorum sensing. To gain insight into how these two proteins function, we determined four high-resolution crystal structures of MtaN-1 in its apo form and in complex with the substrates S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, 5'-methylthioadenosine, and 5'-deoxyadenosine. We found that the domain structures were generally similar, although slight differences were evident. The crystal structure demonstrates that AhMtaN-1 has an extension of the binding pocket and revealed that a tryptophan in the active site (Trp199) may play a major role in substrate binding, unlike in other MTAN proteins. Mutation of the Trp199 residue completely abolished the enzyme activity. Trp199 was identified as an active site residue that is essential for catalysis. Furthermore, biochemical characterization of AhMtaN-1 and AhMtaN-2 demonstrated that AhMtaN-1 exhibits inherent trypsin resistance that is higher than that of AhMtaN-2. Additionally, the thermally unfolded AhMtaN-2 protein is capable of refolding into active forms, whereas the thermally unfolded AhMtaN-1 protein does not have this ability. Examining the different biochemical characteristics related to the functional roles of AhMtaN-1 and AhMtaN-2 would be interesting. Indeed, the biochemical characterization of these structural features would provide a structural basis for the design of new antibiotics against A. hydrophila. << Less

  Biochemistry 56:5347-5355(2017) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• Crystal Structure of <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Cytoplasmic 5'-Methylthioadenosine/<i>S</i>-Adenosylhomocysteine Nucleosidase.

  Chen J., Liu W., Wang L., Shang F., Chen Y., Lan J., Gao P., Ha N.C., Quan C., Nam K.H., Xu Y.

  5'-Methylthioadenosine/<i>S</i>-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (MTA/SAH) nucleosidase (MTAN) is an important enzyme in a number of critical biological processes. Mammals do not express MtaN, making this enzyme an attractive antibacterial drug target. In pathogen <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, two MtnN subf ... >> More

  5'-Methylthioadenosine/<i>S</i>-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (MTA/SAH) nucleosidase (MTAN) is an important enzyme in a number of critical biological processes. Mammals do not express MtaN, making this enzyme an attractive antibacterial drug target. In pathogen <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, two MtnN subfamily genes (MtaN-1 and MtaN-2) play important roles in the periplasm and cytosol, respectively. We previously reported structural and functional analyses of MtaN-1, but little is known regarding MtaN-2 due to the lack of a crystal structure. Here, we determined the crystal structure of cytosolic <i>A. hydrophila</i> MtaN-2 in complex with adenine (ADE), which is a cleavage product of adenosine. <i>Ah</i>MtaN-1 and <i>Ah</i>MtaN-2 exhibit a high degree of similarity in the α-β-α sandwich fold of the core structural motif. However, there is a structural difference in the nonconserved extended loop between β7 and α3 that is associated with the channel depth of the substrate-binding pocket and dimerization. The ADE molecules in the substrate-binding pockets of <i>Ah</i>MtaN-1 and <i>Ah</i>MtaN-2 are stabilized with π-π stacking by Trp199 and Phe152, respectively, and the hydrophobic residues surrounding the ribose-binding sites differ. A structural comparison of <i>Ah</i>MtaN-2 with other MtaN proteins showed that MtnN subfamily proteins exhibit a unique substrate-binding surface and dimerization interface. << Less

  Biochemistry 58:3136-3143(2019) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 2 other entries.

• OsMTN encodes a 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase that is up-regulated during submergence-induced ethylene synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

  Rzewuski G., Cornell K.A., Rooney L., Burstenbinder K., Wirtz M., Hell R., Sauter M.

  Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is released as a by-product of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent reactions central to ethylene, polyamine, or phytosiderophore biosynthesis. MTA is hydrolysed by methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTN; EC 3.2.2.16) into adenine and methylthioribose which is processed ... >> More

  Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is released as a by-product of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent reactions central to ethylene, polyamine, or phytosiderophore biosynthesis. MTA is hydrolysed by methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTN; EC 3.2.2.16) into adenine and methylthioribose which is processed through the methionine (Met) cycle to produce a new molecule of AdoMet. In deepwater rice, submergence enhances ethylene biosynthesis, and ethylene in turn influences the methionine cycle through positive feedback regulation of the acireductone dioxygenase gene OsARD1. In rice, MTN is encoded by a single gene designated OsMTN. Recombinant OsMTN enzyme had a KM for MTA of 2.1 mM and accepted a wide array of 5' substitutions of the substrate. OsMTN also metabolized S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) with 15.9% the rate of MTA. OsMTN transcripts and OsMTN-specific activity increased slowly and in parallel upon submergence, indicating that regulation occurred mainly at the transcriptional level. Neither ethylene, MTA, nor Met regulated OsMTN expression. Analysis of steady-state metabolite levels showed that MTN activity was sufficiently high to prevent Met and AdoMet depletion during long-term ethylene biosynthesis. << Less

  J Exp Bot 58:1505-1514(2007) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]