Publications

• A re-evaluation of the crystal structure of chloromuconate cycloisomerase.

  Kleywegt G.J., Jones T.A.

  It is shown here that the reported 3 A crystal structure of chloromuconate cycloisomerase from Alcaligenes eutrophus [Hoier, Schlömann, Hammer, Glusker, Carrell, Goldman, Stezowski & Heinemann (1994). Acta Cryst. D50, 75-84] was refined in the incorrect space group I4. In addition, a stretch of ab ... >> More

  It is shown here that the reported 3 A crystal structure of chloromuconate cycloisomerase from Alcaligenes eutrophus [Hoier, Schlömann, Hammer, Glusker, Carrell, Goldman, Stezowski & Heinemann (1994). Acta Cryst. D50, 75-84] was refined in the incorrect space group I4. In addition, a stretch of about 25 residues near the N-terminus is out-of-register with the density in the original structure. From the coordinates and structure factors deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), it was possible to determine the correct space group to be I422. The structure was then re-refined, using the original data reduced to I422, to a crystallographic free R factor of 0.264 at 3 A resolution (conventional R factor 0.189). With conservative refinement and rebuilding methods, the errors in the chain tracing could be identified and remedied. Since the two molecules per asymmetric unit in the original structure are actually related by crystallographic symmetry, the observed differences between them are artefacts. In particular, the differences between, and peculiarities of the metal-binding sites are unreal. This case shows the dangers of crystallographic refinement in cases with unfavourable data-to-parameter ratios, and the importance of reducing the number of parameters in such cases to prevent gross errors (for instance, by using NCS constraints). It also demonstrates how the evaluation and monitoring of model quality during the entire refinement and rebuilding process can be used to detect and remedy serious errors. Finally, it presents a strong case in favour of depositing not only model coordinates, but also experimental data (preferably, both merged and unmerged data). << Less

  Acta Crystallogr. D 52:858-863(1996) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

• Cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme from Trichosporon cutaneum: evidence for a novel class of cycloisomerases in eucaryotes.

  Mazur P., Pieken W.A., Budihas S.R., Williams S.E., Wong S., Kozarich J.W.

  The absolute stereochemical courses of cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (MLE;EC 5.5.1.1) from Trichosporon cutaneum (TcMLE) and chloromuconate cycloisomerase (MLE II; EC 5.5.1.7) from Pseudomonas sp B13 have been determined from 1H NMR measurements. Both cycloisomerases convert cis,cis-muconate ... >> More

  The absolute stereochemical courses of cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (MLE;EC 5.5.1.1) from Trichosporon cutaneum (TcMLE) and chloromuconate cycloisomerase (MLE II; EC 5.5.1.7) from Pseudomonas sp B13 have been determined from 1H NMR measurements. Both cycloisomerases convert cis,cis-muconate to (4S)-muconolactone by a syn lactonization, the absolute stereochemical outcome of which is identical to that observed with MLE from Pseudomonas putida. The regiochemical courses of cyclization of 3-halo-cis,cis-muconates by TcMLE and MLE II have been characterized and shown to differ in a halogen substituent dependent manner, suggesting at least a different active site architecture of the two MLEs. Moreover, the regiochemical preferences of MLE II and TcMLE parallel results previously observed for the nonenzymatic lactonization of the 3-halomuconates at pH 1-6 and in concentrated HCl, respectively, in which alternate mechanisms of cyclization were proposed [Pieken, W. A., & Kozarich, J. W. (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55, 3029-3035]. Complementary DNA clones encoding TcMLE have been isolated from phenol induced T. cutaneum cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence does not exhibit any similarity to that of MLE from P. putida. It does however, exhibit moderate sequence similarity (21% residue identity, 14 gaps) with 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (CMLE; EC 5.5.1.5) from Neurospora crassa, which catalyzes a regiochemically analogous and stereochemically identical lactonization reaction with 3-carboxymuconate. The limited data available suggest that the fungal CMLE and yeast MLE are representative of a unique class of eucaryotic cycloisomerases which have evolved convergently with the bacterial MLEs. << Less

  Biochemistry 33:1961-1970(1994) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

• Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Conversion of chlorinated muconic acids into maleoylacetic acid.

  Schmidt E., Knackmuss H.J.

  1. An enzyme for the cycloisomerization of 2- and 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconic acid was isolated from 3-chlorobenzoate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. B13. It was named muconate cycloisomerase II, because it could it clearly be differentiated by its Km and Vmax. values from an ordinary muconate cyclois ... >> More

  1. An enzyme for the cycloisomerization of 2- and 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconic acid was isolated from 3-chlorobenzoate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. B13. It was named muconate cycloisomerase II, because it could it clearly be differentiated by its Km and Vmax. values from an ordinary muconate cycloisomerase, which functioned in benzoate catabolism and exhibited low activity with the chlorinated substrates. 2-Chloro-cis,cis-muconic acid was converted into trans- and 3-chloro-cis,cis--muconic acid into cis-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide together with dehalogenation. 2. An enzyme was isolated from chlorobenzoate-grown cells, which converted the 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olides into maleoylacetic acid. << Less

  Biochem J 192:339-347(1980) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 1 other entry.

• The structure of Pseudomonas P51 Cl-muconate lactonizing enzyme: co-evolution of structure and dynamics with the dehalogenation function.

  Kajander T., Lehtioe L., Schloemann M., Goldman A.

  Bacterial muconate lactonizing enzymes (MLEs) catalyze the conversion of cis,cis-muconate as a part of the beta-ketoadipate pathway, and some MLEs are also able to dehalogenate chlorinated muconates (Cl-MLEs). The basis for the Cl-MLEs dehalogenating activity is still unclear. To further elucidate ... >> More

  Bacterial muconate lactonizing enzymes (MLEs) catalyze the conversion of cis,cis-muconate as a part of the beta-ketoadipate pathway, and some MLEs are also able to dehalogenate chlorinated muconates (Cl-MLEs). The basis for the Cl-MLEs dehalogenating activity is still unclear. To further elucidate the differences between MLEs and Cl-MLEs, we have solved the structure of Pseudomonas P51 Cl-MLE at 1.95 A resolution. Comparison of Pseudomonas MLE and Cl-MLE structures reveals the presence of a large cavity in the Cl-MLEs. The cavity may be related to conformational changes on substrate binding in Cl-MLEs, at Gly52. Site-directed mutagenesis on Pseudomonas MLE core positions to the equivalent Cl-MLE residues showed that the variant Thr52Gly was rather inactive, whereas the Thr52Gly-Phe103Ser variant had regained part of the activity. These residues form a hydrogen bond in the Cl-MLEs. The Cl-MLE structure, as a result of the Thr-to-Gly change, is more flexible than MLE: As a mobile loop closes over the active site, a conformational change at Gly52 is observed in Cl-MLEs. The loose packing and structural motions in Cl-MLE may be required for the rotation of the lactone ring in the active site necessary for the dehalogenating activity of Cl-MLEs. Furthermore, we also suggest that differences in the active site mobile loop sequence between MLEs and Cl-MLEs result in lower active site polarity in Cl-MLEs, possibly affecting catalysis. These changes could result in slower product release from Cl-MLEs and make it a better enzyme for dehalogenation of substrate. << Less

  Protein Sci. 12:1855-1864(2003) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

• Crystal structure of chloromuconate cycloisomerase from Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 (pJP4) at 3-A resolution.

  Hoier H., Schloemann M., Hammer A., Glusker J.P., Carrell H.L., Goldman A., Stezowski J.J., Heinemann U.

  Chloromuconate cycloisomerase (E.C. 5.5.1.7) is an enzyme involved in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate degradation pathway of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 (pJP4). The crystal structure of this protein was determined at 3 A resolution by molecular-replacement techniques using atomic coordinates from ... >> More

  Chloromuconate cycloisomerase (E.C. 5.5.1.7) is an enzyme involved in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate degradation pathway of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 (pJP4). The crystal structure of this protein was determined at 3 A resolution by molecular-replacement techniques using atomic coordinates from the reported crystal structure of the homologous muconate cycloisomerase (E.C. 5.5.1.1) from Pseudomonas putida as the search model (42% identical positions in the sequences). Structure refinement by simulated-annealing and restrained least-squares techniques converged at R = 0.195. In the crystals studied, space group I4, the protein is present as two octamers per unit cell with two subunits per asymmetric unit. Each subunit consists of two globular domains, one of which forms an alpha/beta-barrel. Comparison of this structure with that of muconate cycloisomerase reveals the reasons for the altered substrate specificity of chloromuconate cycloisomerase. Marked differences are observed in polarity, accessibility and hydrogen-bonding potential in the channel leading into the active site as well as in the active center itself. << Less

  Acta Crystallogr. D 50:75-84(1994) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

• Mechanism of chloride elimination from 3-chloro- and 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate: new insight obtained from analysis of muconate cycloisomerase variant CatB-K169A.

  Kaulmann U., Kaschabek S.R., Schlomann M.

  Chloromuconate cycloisomerases of bacteria utilizing chloroaromatic compounds are known to convert 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconate to cis-dienelactone (cis-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide), while usual muconate cycloisomerases transform the same substrate to the bacteriotoxic protoanemonin. Formation ... >> More

  Chloromuconate cycloisomerases of bacteria utilizing chloroaromatic compounds are known to convert 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconate to cis-dienelactone (cis-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide), while usual muconate cycloisomerases transform the same substrate to the bacteriotoxic protoanemonin. Formation of protoanemonin requires that the cycloisomerization of 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconate to 4-chloromuconolactone is completed by protonation of the exocyclic carbon of the presumed enol/enolate intermediate before chloride elimination and decarboxylation take place to yield the final product. The formation of cis-dienelactone, in contrast, could occur either by dehydrohalogenation of 4-chloromuconolactone or, more directly, by chloride elimination from the enol/enolate intermediate. To reach a better understanding of the mechanisms of chloride elimination, the proton-donating Lys169 of Pseudomonas putida muconate cycloisomerase was changed to alanine. As expected, substrates requiring protonation, such as cis,cis-muconate as well as 2- and 3-methyl-, 3-fluoro-, and 2-chloro-cis,cis-muconate, were not converted at a significant rate by the K169A variant. However, the variant was still active with 3-chloro- and 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate. Interestingly, cis-dienelactone and 2-chloro-cis-dienelactone were formed as products, whereas the wild-type enzyme forms protoanemonin and the not previously isolated 2-chloroprotoanemonin, respectively. Thus, the chloromuconate cycloisomerases may avoid (chloro-)protoanemonin formation by increasing the rate of chloride abstraction from the enol/enolate intermediate compared to that of proton addition to it. << Less

  J Bacteriol 183:4551-4561(2001) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]